When the Delhi-based Forum for Women in Leadership (WILL) set out to map the disparity in a recent survey, they found that women in senior-management positions said they earned 30% less than male counterparts with the same job profiles. "Our survey showed that women are fully aware that there's gender bias in salaries, promotions and perks. Benchmarking data indicates a perceived 30-40 % lower salary for women at top levels of the company. Often the CEO is not even aware that HR offers lower salaries," says Poonam Barua, founder chairman, WILL Forum. An earlier 2010 report by the US-based Catalyst, a non-profit, found that in India women earn 62% of men's salary for equal work. Further, they occupy just 3% of legislative, management and senior official positions. Studies on women in management positions have found they have to work harder to prove themselves; men often don't respect women bosses and women are habitually excluded from informal networks.
Barua holds HR staff partly responsible for the pay disparity. A company's human resources section, she says, continues to recruit women through the hackneyed view that they are 'second-earners'. "In our Best Employers for Women Benchmarking survey, we found women always get the 'second paycheck'. Many still believe that women aren't the family's income-earners, they can't travel or stay abroad, and they cannot be at the frontline. So, they're offered a lower salary," she adds. Not a single top corporate house featured in the best places for women to work, says Barua.
Add to this the observation that while pay gap is narrow among younger women and men, read early career, it increases among older groups. Consultancy firm Randstad's Aditya Narayan Mishra says their data shows that at joining, women are usually offered the same pay as men but women "fail to achieve higher increments and career growth". Mishra adds, "There's no difference in the initial pay offered. But in the course of the job as they're about to reach midsenior to senior positions, they tend to hit a glass ceiling. Growth for competitive women is not a steep rise as for competitive men."
The stagnation may account for the increasing number of women opting to do their own thing. Women, in fact, make natural entrepreneurs, says Vanita Vishwanath, CEO of Delhi-based Udyogini that trains women in far-flung areas to handle a business enterprise. Many women who've worked earlier are opting to try entrepreneurship that offers flexibility and growth. They can start their own businesses without compromising on their family time to a large extent, says Vishwanath, adding that there's a strong demand for "more business incubators especially for women".
Going nowhere?
In 2009-2010, India's women were 26% of all rural workers, and 13.8% of all urban workers
Women are around 31% of all economically active individuals
Women earn 62% of men's salary for equal work
India ranked towards the bottom of 134 countries, with a ranking of 113 on the 2011 Global Gender Gap Index
India has the lowest national female labour force
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